There are many factors affecting welding deformation, which can be summarized as material, structure and process.
1) Material factors
It is mainly due to the physical characteristics of the material itself, especially the thermal expansion coefficient, yield limit and elastic modulus of the material. The bigger the expansion coefficient is, the bigger the welding deformation will be. The bigger the elastic modulus is, the smaller the welding deformation will be. The bigger the yield limit, the higher the residual will be. Stress causes deformation to increase. The expansion coefficient of stainless steel is larger than that of carbon steel, so the welding deformation trend of stainless steel with the same thickness is larger than that of carbon steel.
2) Structural factors
The design of welding structure has the most important influence on welding deformation. The general principle is that with the increase of restraint, welding residual stress increases and welding deformation decreases accordingly.
3) Technological factors
The main influencing factors are welding method, welding heat input (current and voltage), component positioning or fixing method, welding sequence, and the use of welding fixture. The most important influence is the welding sequence.